Resveratrol, Sirtuins and the Extended Lifespan
We would like to discuss some of the some new and exciting research behind the
phytochemical Resveratrol and how it can modulate various aspects of metabolism and the
aging process. First let us review some genetic terms so that we can understand exactly how
Resveratrol modulates genetic expression.
Inside the nucleus of every mammalian cell are two
strands of DNA (1 from mom, 1 from dad), coiled tightly in a double helix. Each DNA strand
has 26 pairs of chromosomes (46 total per cell) that contain many genes, regulatory sequences, and when activated transcribe (synthesize) proteins. These proteins are then modified,packaged, and either utilized by the cell or transported to other cells/tissues. The activation of genes is a highly controlled, tightly regulated system, through the action of cellular messengers that is well beyond the scope covered here.
Histones
Each strand of DNA is roughly 2 meters (6 feet) in length, yet is able to fit inside a cell
smaller than 1 micron because of proteins called histones. These proteins are analogous to a
cellular fishing real, they wind DNA so efficiently and tightly that it is compacted to a fraction
of its size and protected from potential damaging free radicals (reactive oxygen species), UV
radiation, X rays, and many others. Damage to DNA can lead to aberrant protein synthesis and
unregulated cell growth (i.e. cancer) and although cells have endogenous repair mechanisms,
it’s imperative that DNA be compact and protected. Resveratrol has antitumor activity and has
been shown to arrest unregulated cell growth and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in aberrant cells (6).
Histone Modification and Protein Synthesis
Gene transcription and subsequent protein synthesis could not occur if Histones were
tightly bound to proteins all the time-the process is modifiable via chemical modification called acetylation or methylation. When a cell needs a certain protein it sends signals to activate genes, which are made accessible because the histones surrounding that region of DNA is acetylated (made more water soluble). The addition of the acetyl groups reduces the affinity for histone- DNA-binding, causing histones “to open up“ around the DNA, thus allowing genes to be accessible for transcription factors and protein synthesis. Hyperacetylated DNA is trasncriptionally active. After the desired proteins are made the acetyl groups are removed by enzymes called histone deactylatses, exposing the amino acid tails of the histones to DNA, making it more compact and protected with the amino acid side chains of histones having an affinity for DNA. Resveratrol is a natural histone deacetylase enzyme.
Quick review: Histones are proteins that compact and protect DNA, when acetylated they open up to allow for protein synthesis, when deacetylated they re-compact around DNA.
Sirtuins: Modulators of Acetylation
A group of genes called silent information regulators, AKA sirtuins, do just that; they
enzymatically “silence the information of DNA” through the removal of acetyl groups from
histones. The most well studied of these protein modifying enzymes is SIRT 1, which has been shown to be up regulated in states of caloric restriction (CR). In the 1930’s researchers found that CR in lab animals extended lifespan but didn’t know the mechanism. It has been elucidated that CR is a mild biological stressor which actives sirtuin genes (2).
Wei-jian wrote an excellent review article about Sirtuins (posted on our website) stating,
“Evidence suggests that activation of SIRT1 leads to multiple metabolic improvements
including enhanced glucose utilization, improved insulin sensitivity and increased exercise
tolerance” (1).
Resveratrol- Sirtuin activator
Harvard researcher David Sinclair put Resveratrol (RSV) on the map after publishing a
paper in Nature, which showed that when RSV was given to rats consuming a high caloric diet
it produced “changes associated with longer lifespan, including increased insulin sensitivity, reduced IGF-1... increased mitochondrial number, and improved motor function” (3).
A study published in Cell by Lagouge et. al found “Treatment of mice with RSV
significantly increased their aerobic capacity....and protected mice against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance” (4).
An extensive review published by Hall in the journal Science, found that RSV increases
DNA stability, speeds cellular repair, increases total life span, inhibits tumor initiation,
reduces Blood Pressure, lipids, glucose, improves immune function, reduces cancer risk, improves exercise tolerance and weight loss (5).
Conclusions
In last 5 years hundreds of studies have been conducted using the phytonutrient
Resveratrol, showing it to be beneficial in many applications of glucose regulation, vascular and DNA protection, and enhanced longevity. It should be noted that subsequent studies have found that trans-Resveratrol (not cis) is the only bioactive form.
As such Biotics Research has recently developed ResveraSirt-HP: A high potency, 250 mg capsule, containing a 99% standardized extract of trans-resveratrol (the highest potency available) derived from the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese knotweed). For more information or questions regarding the product above, contact us at www.myvits.com
References
1) Wei-jian Jiang. Sirtuins: Novel targets for metabolic disease in drug development. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. Volume 373, Issue 3, 29 August 2008, Pages 341-344
2) Small molecules that regulate lifespan: evidence for xenohormesis.Mol Microbiol. 2004 Aug;53(4):1003-
3) Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature 444, 337-342. August 2006.
4) Resveratrol Improves Mitochondrial Function and Protects against Metabolic Disease by Activating SIRT1 and PGC-1á. Cell.
Volume 127, Issue 6, 15 December 2006, Pages 1109-1122.
5) Hall, S. Longevity research. In vino vitalis? Compounds activate life-extending genes. Science, 2003; 301 (5637)
6) Signorelli. Et. Al Resveratrol as an anticancer nutrient: molecular basis, open questions and promises. The Journal of Nutritional
Biochemistry. Volume 16, Issue 8, August 2005, Pages 449-466